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The 8 bones in the human skull9/10/2023 ![]() Collagen is stiff and strong only in tension. This reflects the more complex loading patterns applied to ligaments during movement, where small loads may be applied in a variety of directions. Although most ligament fibers are parallel, some have an oblique orientation. ![]() Tendons are formed from parallel bundles of fibers this arrangement allows tendons to support high uniaxial tensile loads to which they are subjected during activity. In tendons and ligaments, these fibrils are bundled together to form larger fibers. Cross-links between adjacent molecules and also between fibrils provide collagen with its tensile strength. The rodlike tropocollagen molecules polymerize into large collagen fibrils. Tropocollagen (a structure composed of three polypeptide chains) forms the basic building unit of collagen. It is of fundamental importance in all organ systems and is found in all parts of the musculoskeletal system. Arthropods have solved this last problem by periodically shedding the old skeleton (molting) and replacing it with a new, larger one.Ĭollagen is the most abundant protein in the body. Some disadvantages are the relatively large mass of the skeletal structure in proportion to the size of the soft tissues, the inability of some animals to remodel the skeleton and repair damage, and problems for a growing animal bounded by rigid skeletal tissues. The major advantage of a hard exoskeleton is the high degree of protection afforded to the body organs against mechanical damage and desiccation. Mineral salts may be incorporated within the cuticle for additional strength and stiffness. They are formed by proteins that have been stiffened by the chemical action of phenols (the process is called tanning). Cuticular exoskeletons are widely distributed among the invertebrates. ![]() It normally occurs in conjunction with organic material, in the form of tanned proteins, as in the hard shell material characteristic of many mollusks. However, it is unusual to find calcium carbonate as the sole component of the skeleton. Calcium carbonate also provides a substrate for attachment, allowing the coral colony to grow. The stony corals have exoskeletons made entirely of calcium carbonate, which protect the polyps from the effects of the physical environment and the attention of most predators. See also: Arthropoda Cnidaria MolluscaĬalcium carbonate is the commonly found inorganic material in invertebrate hard exoskeletons. The form that each skeletal system takes presumably represents the optimal configuration for survival. However, the exoskeletons of these invertebrates have different physical properties and morphologies. Many of the invertebrate phyla contain species that have a hard exoskeleton, including corals (Cnidaria) limpets, snails, and Nautilus (Mollusca) and scorpions, crabs, insects, and millipedes (Arthropoda). See also: Bone Cartilage Muscle Muscular system Vertebrata Invertebrate skeletons, however, show far more variation in position, morphology, and materials used to construct them. 1), but most also have components that are exoskeletal in origin. All vertebrate animals possess an endoskeleton ( Fig. If they occur deep within the body, they form an endoskeleton. When these tissues are located external to the soft parts, the animal is said to have an exoskeleton. Skeletons can be divided into two main types based on the relative position of the skeletal tissues. The skeletal system, often termed skeleton, encompasses the anatomical structures composed of bone and cartilage, or a combination of both, which provide a framework for the body and serve as attachment for muscles. The supporting tissues of an animal that serve to protect the body, or parts of it, and play an important role in physiology. Adaptations have been made for walking and running, speed, power, digging and burrowing, locomotion without limbs (as in snakes), and aerial and aquatic locomotion. The skeletal system has adapted to the needs of many different types of organisms. The vertebrate skeletal system consists of the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, and associated structures) and the appendicular skeleton (limbs or appendages). The various structural components of the human skeleton include collagen, three different types of cartilage, and a variety of bone types. ![]() If the skeletal tissues occur deep within the body, as in all vertebrates, they form an endoskeleton. When the skeletal tissues are located external to the soft parts of an animal's body, the animal is said to have an exoskeleton. The skeleton is composed of bone and cartilage, or a combination of both, which provide a framework for the body and serve as attachment for muscles. The skeletal system, or skeleton, comprises an animal's supporting tissues, serving to protect the body, or parts of it, and playing an important role in physiology. ![]()
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